Contributor供稿：秘鲁Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律师事务所

Chinese Translation中文翻译：锦天城 王良 律师

China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.

中国是秘鲁的主要贸易伙伴，是秘鲁第一大出口目的地国，也是秘鲁主要进口来源国。秘鲁是中国在拉美的第二大投资目的地。两国之间既建立全面战略伙伴关系，又签署了自由贸易协定。未来五到十年，秘鲁将成为中国企业出海的另一片热土，中国会有更多企业走向秘鲁，并通过秘鲁走向更广阔的南美洲市场。锦天城积极开拓南美洲法律服务市场，向出海南美洲的中国企业提供可靠的东道国法律服务资源和做好国别法律研究等工作，为服务中国高水平对外开放和“一带一路”战略提供法律保障。为此，锦天城联合秘鲁Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律师事务所，推出《秘鲁营商环境》系列文章，介绍秘鲁走向世界、秘鲁公司架构、秘鲁外国投资促进和法律稳定性、企业运营法律环境、停业和企业重整等内容。

Peruvian law allows the resolution of disputes either through the Judiciary or through arbitration courts. Foreigners are subject to the same rights and legal guaranties that apply to nationals. Due process and effective jurisdictional protection are recognized as constitutional rights.

 秘鲁法律允许通过司法机构或仲裁庭解决争议。外国人享有与本国国民相同的权利和法律保障。正当程序和有效的司法保护被承认为宪法权利。

The Peruvian judicial system is integrated by different types of courts that are specialized in different areas of law and have a determined jurisdiction defined by matters of law, location, amounts involved in the dispute, among other factors. Civil courts are in charge of civil, commercial and constitutional disputes, and challenges to administrative decisions, while criminal courts deal with any matter that is considered a crime under our Criminal Code or other applicable laws. Peru has a Civil Law System, unlike Common Law. Nevertheless, jurisprudence is mandatory if the Constitutional Court expressly determines that a case is considered “jurisprudence” under Peruvian Law.

 秘鲁司法体系由不同类型的法院组成，这些法院分别负责不同的法律领域，其管辖权根据法律事项、地域、争议金额及其他因素确定。民事法院负责处理民事、商事、宪法争议以及对行政决定的异议，而刑事法院则处理根据《刑法典》或其他适用法律被视为犯罪的事项。秘鲁属于大陆法系，与普通法系不同。然而，如果宪法法院明确裁定，某一案件构成秘鲁法下的“判例”，则该判例具有约束力。

Proceedings related to civil and commercial matters are duly contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, while criminal proceedings are regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure. The latter replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure, which remains in force only and exclusively for certain proceedings that were initiated under it. On the other hand, constitutional proceedings are governed by the Code of Constitutional Procedure, while the review of administrative decisions is governed by the Law of Contentious Administrative Proceedings.

 与民事和商事事项相关的程序规定在《民事诉讼法典》中，刑事诉讼程序则由《刑事诉讼法典》规范。新《刑事诉讼法典》取代了旧《刑事诉讼法典》，旧法典仅对在其生效期间启动的特定程序继续有效。另一方面，宪法诉讼程序受《宪法诉讼法典》管辖，而对行政决定的审查则由《行政诉讼程序法》管辖。

The Judiciary is organized into 35 judicial districts around the country. First Instance courts include both civil and criminal judges. In each judicial district, a Superior Court acts as the second instance court of appeals. There are specific proceedings for constitutional, criminal and civil matters in which the Superior Court acts as the court of first instance. In those proceedings, the Supreme Court acts as the court of appeals. The Supreme Court is the highest court and usually hears final reviews of cases only in matters of law.

 司法系统在全国划分为35个司法区。初审法院包括民事法官和刑事法官。在每个司法区，设有一个高等法院（Superior Court）作为二审上诉法院。对于某些特定的宪法、刑事和民事案件程序，高等法院担任一审法院。在此类程序中，最高法院担任上诉法院。最高法院是最高司法机关，通常仅审理涉及法律问题的案件终审。

In the case of protection of constitutional rights such as life, health, non-discrimination, employment, due process, property, assembly, secrecy of communications and private documents, bank secrecy, among others, the final review of the complaint corresponds to the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court is an independent court which is not part of the Judiciary.

 在涉及保护生命权、健康权、不受歧视权、工作权、正当程序权、财产权、集会权、通讯及私人文件保密权、银行保密权等宪法权利的案件中，对申诉的最终审查权属于宪法法院。宪法法院是一个独立法院，不隶属于司法系统。

2. Jurisdiction of Courts 法院管辖权

There are two main categories to determine the organization of the judiciary system: by territory and by specialty. Jurisdiction is determined solely by law. However, it is a common practice that jurisdiction or grounds of territory may be modified by the parties through an agreement prior to trial.

 确定司法体系组织的主要依据有两个：地域管辖和专门管辖。管辖权仅由法律规定。然而，在实践中，当事人通常可以在审判前通过协议变更管辖权或地域管辖依据。

3. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 外国判决的执行

Peruvian law recognizes foreign judgments, enforcing them with the same effects given to Peruvian judgments. For said purpose, foreign judgments need to be recognized through a judicial procedure (exequatur).

 秘鲁法律承认外国判决，执行时赋予其与秘鲁判决同等的效力。为此目的，外国判决需要通过一项司法程序（承认与执行程序，exequatur）获得承认。

Enforcement of foreign judgments is subject to satisfaction of the following requirements: (i) the judgment to be enforced does not resolve matters under the exclusive jurisdiction of Peruvian courts; (ii) the court issuing the judgment had jurisdiction under its own conflict of laws rules and under international rules on jurisdiction; (iii) the defendant was served with process in accordance with the law of the place where the court sits, was granted a reasonable opportunity to appear before said foreign courts, and was guaranteed due process rights; (iv) the judgment has the status of res judicata in the jurisdiction of the court issuing it; (v) there is no pending litigation in the Republic of Peru between the same parties for the same dispute, that was initiated before the commencement of the proceeding that concluded with the foreign judgment; (vi) the judgment is not incompatible with another enforceable judgment in Peru, unless the foreign judgment was issued first; (vii) the judgment is not contrary to generally accepted moral standards or public policy of the Republic of Peru; and (viii) if there is a treaty between the Republic of Peru and the country in which said judgment was issued, the provisions of said treaty will apply.

 外国判决的执行须满足以下条件：(1) 待执行的判决不涉及秘鲁法院专属管辖的事项；(2) 作出判决的法院根据其自身的冲突法规则以及国际管辖权规则拥有管辖权；(3) 被告已依据该法院所在地法律被合法送达传票，被给予在该外国法院出庭的合理机会，且其正当程序权利得到保障；(4) 该判决在作出法院的司法辖区内具有既判力（res judicata）；(5) 在秘鲁共和国，相同当事人之间就同一争议不存在未决诉讼，且该未决诉讼系在导致该外国判决的程序开始之前提起；(6) 该判决与秘鲁境内另一可执行判决不相冲突，除非该外国判决作出在先；(7) 该判决不违背秘鲁共和国普遍接受的道德标准或公共政策；以及 (8) 若秘鲁共和国与作出该判决的国家之间存在条约，则适用该条约的规定。

In the absence of a treaty between Peru and the foreign country, the rules of reciprocity (which are presumed) will apply, under which a judgment issued by a competent foreign court will be admissible in the Peruvian courts and will be enforceable thereby, except if according to said foreign law: (a) judgments issued by Peruvian courts are not admissible in said foreign country, or (b) judgments issued by Peruvian courts are subject to re-examination by said competent court of the issues addressed therein. Currently, there is no treaty between the Republic of Peru and the United States of America on the enforcement of foreign judicial resolutions.

 若秘鲁与该外国之间无条约，则适用（推定的）互惠规则。根据互惠规则，有管辖权的国外法院作出的判决，可在秘鲁法院获得承认并得以执行，除非根据该外国法律： (1) 秘鲁法院作出的判决在该外国不被承认；或 (2) 秘鲁法院作出的判决须经该有管辖权的法院对其所涉事项进行重新审理。目前，秘鲁共和国与美利坚合众国之间尚无关于执行外国司法裁决的条约。

4. Arbitration 仲裁

Any civil or commercial dispute can be submitted to arbitration if the parties thereto agree to do so.

 任何民事或商事争议，只要当事人同意，均可提交仲裁。

When arbitration takes place, any matters not expressly provided for by the parties will be ruled by the Arbitration Law, which contains provisions regulating both domestic and international arbitration carried out in Peru.

 仲裁进行时，当事人未明确约定的任何事项，将由《仲裁法》管辖；该法包含规范在秘鲁进行的国内和国际仲裁的条款。

Foreign arbitral awards will be recognized and enforced in Peru, pursuant to the following instruments, even if they are based on a foreign law:

 即使依据外国法律作出的外国仲裁裁决，在秘鲁也将根据下列文书得到承认与执行：

Convention of Reconnaissance and Execution of Arbitral Decisions, approved in New York on June 10, 1958; or

《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》（《纽约公约》），1958年6月10日于纽约通过；或

Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, approved in Panama on January 30, 1975.

《美洲国家间国际商事仲裁公约》（《巴拿马公约》），1975年1月30日于巴拿马通过。

In addition to the previous mentioned conventions, Peru has upheld several multilateral instruments, standing out the ICSID Convention and the Montevideo Convention.

 除上述公约外，秘鲁还加入（或批准）了若干多边文书，其中最为重要的是《解决国家与他国国民间投资争端公约》（《ICSID公约》或《华盛顿公约》）和《蒙得维的亚公约》。

Peru has also entered into bilateral treaties regarding the recognition of foreign awards.

 秘鲁还签订了关于承认（与执行）外国（仲裁）裁决的双边条约。